X Lossless Decoder(XLD) is a tool for Mac OS X that is able to decode/convert/play various 'lossless' audio files. The supported audio files can be split into some tracks with cue sheet when decoding. MacConkey Agar (MAC): Composition, preparation, uses and colony characteristics. August 14, 2013 Acharya Tankeshwar Bacteriology, Culture Media used in Microbiology, Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease 19. MacConkey agar was developed in 20th century by Alfred Theodore MacConkey. It was the first formulated solid differential media. XLD, short form for X Lossless Decoder, is a popular free tool for Mac OS X that is able to decode/convert/play various ‘lossless’ audio files including OGG, FLAC, Monkey’s Audio.APE, Wavpack (.wv), TTA, Apple Lossless ALAC, TAK, Shorten (.shn), AIFF, WAV, etc. X Lossless Decoder(XLD) is a tool for Mac OS X that is able to decode/convert/play various 'lossless' audio files. The supported audio files can be split into some tracks with cue sheet when decoding. It works on Mac OS X 10.4 and later.

Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar is a selective medium for the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella spp from clinical specimens and food samples. XLD Agar was originally formulated by Taylor for the isolation and identification of Shigella from stool specimens.

The pathogens are differentiated not only from the non-pathogenic lactose fermenters but also from many non-pathogens which do not ferment lactose or sucrose.

Additionally, the medium was formulated to increase the frequency of growth of the more fastidious pathogens, which in other formulations have often failed to grow due to the inclusion of excessively toxic inhibitors.

The results obtained in a number of clinical evaluations have supported the claim for the relatively high efficiency of XLD Agar in the primary isolation of Shigella and Salmonella. XLD Agar is included in the USP microbial limit test for screening specimens for the presence or absence of Salmonella and is recommended for the testing of foods, dairy products and water.

Principle of XLD Agar

XLD Agar is both a selective and differential medium. It contains yeast extract as a source of nutrients and vitamins. It utilizes sodium deoxycholate as the selective agent and, therefore, is inhibitory to gram-positive micro-organisms. Xylose is incorporated into the medium since it is fermented by practically all enterics except for the Shigella and this property enables the differentiation of Shigella species. Lysine is included to enable the Salmonella group to be differentiated from the non pathogens since without lysine, salmonellae rapidly would ferment the xylose and be indistinguishable from non-pathogenic species. After the salmonellae exhaust the supply of xylose, the lysine is attacked via the enzyme lysine decarboxylase, with reversion to an alkaline pH which mimics the Shigella reaction.

To prevent similar reversion by lysine positive coliforms, lactose and sucrose are added to produce acid in excess. Degradation of xylose, lactose and sucrose to acid causes phenol red indicator to change its colour to yellow. Bacteria that decarboxylate lysine to cadaverine can be recognized by the appearance of a red colouration around the colonies due to an increase in pH. These reactions can proceed simultaneously or successively, and this may cause the pH indicator to exhibit various shades of colour or it may change its colour from yellow to red on prolonged incubation.

To add to the differentiating ability of the formulation, an H2S indicator system, consisting of sodium thiosulfate and ferric ammonium citrate, is included for the visualization of the hydrogen sulfide produced, resulting in the formation of colonies with black centers. The non pathogenic H2S producers do not decarboxylate lysine; therefore, the acid reaction produced by them prevents the blackening of the colonies which takes place only at neutral or alkaline pH.

Uses of XLD Agar

1. XLD Agar is a selective differential medium for the isolation of Gram-negative enteric pathogens from fecal specimens and other clinical material.
2. It is especially suitable for the isolation of Shigella and Salmonella species.
3. Microbiological testing of foods, water and dairy products.

Composition of XLD Agar

Ingredients per liter of deionized water (Hardy Diagnostics XLD Agar)

Final pH 7.4 +/- 0.2 at 25 degrees C.

Preparation of XLD Agar

1. Suspend 55 grams of dehydrated medium in 1000 ml purified or distilled water.
2. Heat with frequent agitation until the medium boils.
   Note: DO NOT AUTOCLAVE.
3. Transfer immediately to a water bath at 50°C.
4. After cooling, pour into sterile Petri plates.
   Note: It is advisable not to prepare large volumes, which will require prolonged heating and may produce precipitate.

Colony Characteristics of XLD Agar

• Degradation of xylose, lactose and sucrose generates acid products, causing a color change in the medium from red to yellow.
• Hydrogen sulfide production under alkaline conditions causes colonies to develop black centers. This reaction is inhibited by the acid conditions that accompany carbohydrate fermentation.
• Lysine decarboxylation in the absence of lactose and sucrose fermentation causes reversion to an alkaline condition and the color of the medium changes back to red.

Typical colonial morphology on XLD Agar are as follows:

Salmonella Typhi – Red Colonies, Black Centers

Salmonella choleraesuis – Red Colonies

Shigella sonnei – Red Colonies

Shigella flexneri – Red Colonies

Escherichia coli – Large, Flat, Yellow Colonies; some strains may be inhibited

Proteus vulgaris – Yellow Colonies

Enterobacter/ Klebsiella – Mucoid, Yellow Colonies

Pseudomonas aeruginosa – Pink, Flat, Rough Colonies

Gram-positive bacteria – No growth to slight growth

Quality Control for XLD Agar

Limitations of XLD Agar

1. Red, false-positive colonies may occur with some Proteus and Pseudomonas species.
2. Incubation in excess of 48 hours may lead to false-positive results.
3. S. paratyphi A, S. choleraesuis, S. pullorum and S. gallinarum may form red colonies without black centers, thus resembling Shigella species.
4. Some Proteus strains will give black-centered colonies on XLD Agar.
5. For identification, organisms must be in pure culture. Morphological, biochemical, and/or serological tests should be performed for final identification. Consult appropriate texts for detailed information and recommended procedures.
6. A single medium is rarely adequate for detecting all organisms of potential significance in a specimen. Cultures of specimens grown on selective media should, therefore, be compared with specimens cultured on nonselective media to obtain additional information and help ensure recovery of potential pathogens.

Decode and play lossless audio files on Windows. OGG FLAC APE ALAC SHN WAV AIFF

March 24th, 2015 by Harvey Taylor

Tags: XLD for Windows

Overview

XLD, Xlossless Decoder, is a popular tools on Mac OS X for decoding or converting lossless audio files. It is only available for Mac, not Windows OS. Trying to find an X Lossless Decoder forWindows? In this guide, we will introduce a professional XLD for Windows - Bigasoft Audio Converter as well as a detailed guide to show you how to play, convert or decode lossless audio onWindows.

XLD for Windows

With this alternative to XLD for Windows, you can play any audio file on your Windows without installing any other third codec pack. Bigasoft Audio Converteris capable of converting all of the different formats, both lossless and lossy audio formats, including lossless OGG, GLAC, Wavpack (.wv), Apple Lossless ALAC, TAK, Shorten (.shn), AIFF, WAV,Monkey's Audio APE and MP3, MP2, WMA, AC3, AAC, DTS, RA, CAF, M4B, MPC, PCM, VOC, VOX and etc. Additionally, the audio files can be converted into tracks containing cue sheets during the decoding.What's more, you can easily extract audio from various video formats directly without conversion to keep the best quality.

Besides decoding/converting/playing lossless or lossy audio files, Bigasoft Audio Converter also has the capable of playing or converting video files like WTV, M2TS, AVCHD, TIVO, H.265, DivX,Xvid, KV, MP4, MXF, DAV, SWF, F4V, M4V, MOD, Apple ProRes, R3D, etc.

This wonderful XLD for Windows - Bigasoft Audio Converter, by contract, has more advanced features. You will be able to edit your audio files including compressing audio size, trimming audioclips, merging several audio files, even they are in different formats, increase or decrease audio volume, change audio Bitrate, Bit depth, Sample Rate and more settings. In addition, it is easy todownload music from YouTube, MTV, VEVO, Vimeo, Metacafe and other popular video sharing websites.

Download XLD for Windows

Download and install the all-in-one XLD for Windows - Bigasoft Audio Converter which works on Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista and Windows XP. There is Audio Converter Mac versionwhich is fully compatible with Mac OS X 10.10 now.

Download Xld For Mac

Click 'Add File' to add lossless audio file or any other audio/video formats. Or simply drag and drop the files into the main Windows. If all your audio files are saved in one folder, just clickFile->Add Folder to import them in batch.

On the left preview window, you can play the audio or video file. Click the 'Play' button to play the media files.

Click 'profile' drop-down menu to choose desired audio format as output profile. If you want to change Bitrate, BitDepth, Sample rate or increase audio volum, click 'Settings' button next toProfile box to expand 'Advanced Settings' panel. There you can find the settings.

After all the settings are done, just return to the main interface and click 'Convert' button to finish the conversion.

There are more helpful features of this XLD for Windows. Get more info about Bigasoft Audio Converter and download it to have a try.

To find out more Bigasoft Solutions to enjoy your new digital life, you can go here.

Xld Flac Converter For Mac

Posted by Harvey Taylor. By the way, you may join me on Google+.

Xld Audio Converter For Mac